Engine oil levels
Firstly, thank you to all the oil level obsessive Subaru owners who responded to my question. It inspired me to look into the problem in some detail, including some bench tests. Anyway, it appears there are several sources of the problem of getting good oil level readings on my 2000 Outback.
The dipstick goes into the oil at about a 30degree angle instead of 90 degrees. This means that a change of ¼ inch in real oil level shows on the dipstick as almost ½ inch. This means that any change is exaggerated.
The dipstick contacts the oil level at the extreme left side of the oil pan which means that if the car is off level, the reading will vary more than if the dip stick were closer to the center of the pan.
Because of the 30 degree angle, surface tension pulls the oil down on the top side of the dip stick and up on the underside. This can result in a ½ inch difference between the two sides of the stick. You can verify all of these things by sticking a knife blade into a glass of water.
Then, there is the problem that the dipstick tube goes below the oil level which means the bottom on the tube is always full of oil. This results in uneven surface tension effects inside the tube, complicated by the surface tension on the dipstick. This would not be so much of a problem if the tube were not also sealed at the top by the Oring on the dipstick This means that there is a trapped column of air inside the tube. So, when the engine is shut off, the air in the tube begins to cool and draws oil up into the tube. On the Outback, this pulls the oil up the dipstick by about 2 inches overnight, and you can’t get a reading on the first try in the morning. Also, when you push the dipstick fully into the tube, the O ring works like a piston and compresses the air enough to push the oil level down by up to ½ inch. But, the real problem is that when you pull the dipstick out, the piston effect pulls the oil level up, resulting in too high a reading which varies with how fast the dipstick is pulled.
So, what can the oil level obsessed driver do? My own solution was to drill a small hole through the plastic handle on the dipstick to below the O ring. This prevents the air being trapped, and you can get a good reading after the car has sat overnight. The car must still always be more level than most cars because the changes are exaggerated as noted above. I do not necessarily recommend this because you also have to put a filter over the drilled hole to prevent dust being drawn into the oil.
Another approach would be to pull the dip stick out for a few minutes to let the oil drain out of the tube, then check the oil by pushing the dip stick down just until the O ring contacts. As, noted above, pushing it right down can push or pull the oil level in the tube.
Sorry for the long explanation, but I think all of these things contribute. Thanks again for your replies. D. Smith